^ Jump up to: أ ب ت Lebedel, p.109
^ Lewis, p.148
^ Lebedel, p.109–111
^ Shaikh M. Ghazanfar. Medieval Islamic economic thought: filling the "great gap" in European economics. Psychology Press. صفحة 126.
^ دور الحضارة السريانية في تفاعل دور العرب والمسلمين الحضاري
^ فيلدينغ غاريسون, An Introduction to the History of Medicine: with Medical Chronology, Suggestions for Study and Biblographic Data, p. 86
^ Lebedel, p.111
^ Lebedel, p.112
^ C. Burnett, "Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo", p. 255.
^ C. H. Haskins, Studies in the History of Mediaeval Science, pp.3-4
^ R. W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages, p.65
^ Jump up to: أ ب ت V. J. Katz, A History of Mathematics: An Introduction, p. 291.
^ For a list of Gerard of Cremona's translations see: Edward Grant (1974) A Source Book in Medieval Science, (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Pr.), pp. 35–38 or Charles Burnett, "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century," Science in Context, 14 (2001): at 249–288, at pp. 275–281.
^ D. Campbell, Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages, p. 6.
^ Debus، Allen G. (2002). The Chemical Philosophy: Paraclesian Science and Medicine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Dover Publ. صفحة 11. ISBN 0486421759.
^ Eric John Holmyard, Alchemy, p.106
^ Eric John Holmyard, Alchemy, p.109
^ Eric John Holmyard, Alchemy, pp.134-135
^ Alkali at dictionary reference
^ Jump up to: أ ب Victor J. Katz, الناشر (2007), The mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: a sourcebook, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-11485-9, p.4
^ G. G. Joseph, The Crest of the Peacock, p. 306
^ David Pingree (1964), "Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan Astronomy", Dumbarton Oaks Papers 18, p. 135–160.
^ O'Connor، John J.؛ Robertson، Edmund F., "Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muadh Al-Jayyani", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
^ Burnett، Charles (1997), The introduction of Arabic learning into England (الطبعة null), London: British Library, صفحة 5, ISBN 978-0-7123-4545-3
^ Fulbert of Chartres؛ Behrends, transl. by Frederick (1976), Frederick Behrends, الناشر, The letters and poems of Fulbert of Chartres (الطبعة Repr.), Oxford: Clarendon P., صفحة 261, ISBN 978-0-19-822233-0, اطلع عليه بتاريخ 14 May 2011
^ "Inventions et decouvertes au Moyen-Age", Samuel Sadaune, p.44
^ الأرشيف الإليكتروني للمكتبة الوطنية لعلم الطب
^ David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).
^ Jump up to: أ ب D. Campbell, Arabian Medicine and Its Influence on the Middle Ages, p. 3.
^ Jump up to: أ ب Albucasis Science museum on Albucasis
^ Gorini، Rosanna (2003), "Al-Haytham the Man of Experience: First Steps in the Science of Vision", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine (Institute of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology، Rome، Italy):
"معظم المؤرخين يؤكدون أن ابن الهيثم كان رائدًا في استخدام المنهج العلمي الحديث. فقد غيّر كتابه مفهوم البصريات وجعل إجراء التجارب هو أساس إثبات صحة النظريات في هذا المجال. لم تكن ابتكاراته تعتمد على نظريات غير تطبيقية، بل على دلائل تجاربية، كما كانت تجاربه منهجية ومتكررة."
^ Sabra، A. I.؛ Hogendijk، J. P. (2003), The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives, MIT Press, صفحات 85–118, ISBN 0-262-19482-1, OCLC 237875424
^ H. Salih, M. Al-Amri, M. El Gomati (2005). "The Miracle of Light", A World of Science 3 (3), يونسكو
^ Marshall، Peter (September 1981), "Nicole Oresme on the Nature, Reflection, and Speed of Light", Isis (journal) 72 (3): 357–374 [367–374], doi:10.1086/352787
^ Jump up to: أ ب Richard Powers (University of Illinois], Best Idea; Eyes Wide Open, نيو يورك تايمز, April 18, 1999.
^ Jump up to: أ ب Falco، Charles M. (12–15 February 2007), Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Modern Image Analysis, International Conference on Information Sciences, Signal Processing and its Applications
^ Buridan
^ Ernest A. Moody (1951), "Galileo and Avempace: The Dynamics of the Leaning Tower Experiment (I)", Journal of the History of Ideas 12 (2): 163–193
^ M.-T. d'Alverny, "Translations and Translators," pp. 444–446, 451
^ Christoph Kann (1993). Bautz, Traugott. ed (in German). Michael Scotus. Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). 5. Herzberg. cols. 1459–1461. ISBN 3-88309-043-3. http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/m/michael_sco.shtml. ^ Charles Burnett, ed. Adelard of Bath, Conversations with His Nephew, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. xi.
^ M.-T. d'Alverny, "Translations and Translators," pp. 429, 455
^ ”Les Normans en Sicile”
^ Roux, p. 47
^ Mack, 3-8, and throughout
^ Jump up to: أ ب Mack, p.51
^ Mack, p.52, p.69
^ Freider. p.84
^ "Perhaps they marked the imagery of a universal faith, an artistic intention consistent with the Church's contemporary international program." Mack, p.69
^ King & Sylvester, 17
^ Mack, p.77
^ (Farmer 1988, p. 137)
^ (Farmer 1988, p. 141)
^ Bell، Joseph Norment (1979), Love theory in later Hanbalite Islam, Albany: State University of New York Press, صفحة 221, ISBN 978-0-87395-244-6
^ M. Guettat (1980), La Musique classique du Maghreb (Paris: Sindbad).
^ "Troubadour", Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie, Macmillan Press Ltd., London
^ (Farmer 1988, pp. 72–82)
^ Miller، Samuel D. (Autumn 1973), "Guido d'Arezzo: Medieval Musician and Educator", Journal of Research in Music Education (Journal of Research in Music Education, Vol. 21, No. 3) 21 (3): 239–245, doi:10.2307/3345093, JSTOR 3345093
^ Jump up to: أ ب Andrew M. Watson (1974), "The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100", The Journal of Economic History 34 (1), pp. 8–35.
^ David A. King (2002). "A Vetustissimus Arabic Text on the Quadrans Vetus", Journal for the History of Astronomy 33, p. 237–255 [237–238].
^ The Saphea Arzachelis, astrolabes.org
^ أحمد يوسف الحسن، Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering, History of Science and Technology in Islam
^ Thomas Nordegren. The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. صفحة 38.
^ Chambers's encyclopaedia: a dictionary of universal knowledge, Volume 1. J.B. Lippincott & Co. 1888. صفحة 142.
^ "Studies in Medieval Islamic Technology: From Philo to Al-Jazari - From Alexandria to Diya Bakr", Donald Routledge Hill and David A. King, p.23, 1998, ISBN 978-0-86078-606-1
^ Middle Ages
^ "Examining the enamel on the Aldrevandini beaker". British Museum.
^ Michael Decker: "Plants and Progress: Rethinking the Islamic Agricultural Revolution", Journal of World History, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2009), pp. 187-206
^ "The Sugar Cane Industry: An Historical Geography from Its Origins to 1914 (1989)", pp.34-34, JH Galloway, ISBN 0-521-02219-3
^ أحمد يوسف الحسن، Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part 1: Avenues Of Technology Transfer
^ Adam Lucas (2006), Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology, p. 10 & 65, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-14649-0.
^ أحمد يوسف الحسن. The Origin of the Suction Pump.
^ Quoted in "The Sugar Cane Industry: An Historical Geography from Its Origins to 1914", JH Galloway, p. 27
^ Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture 46 (1), pp. 1–30.
^ Jump up to: أ ب "Gold imitation dinar of Offa". British Museum.
^ Blanchard, Ian Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001 ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7 [1], p.196
^ British Museum, Islamic Art room
^ Cardini, Franco Europe and Islam Blackwell Publishing, 2001 ISBN 978-0-631-22637-6 [2], p.26
^ Grierson, Philip Medieval European Coinage Cambridge University Press, 1998 ISBN 978-0-521-58231-5 [3], p.3
^ Janet Abu-Lughod Before European Hegemony, The World System A.D. 1250–1350, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-506774-6 p.15
^ I. Heullant-Donat and M.-A. Polo de Beaulieu, "Histoire d'une traduction," in Le Livre de l'échelle de Mahomet, Latin edition and French translation by Gisèle Besson and Michèle Brossard-Dandré, Collection Lettres Gothiques, Le Livre de Poche, 1991, p. 22 with note 37.
^ Jump up to: أ ب Majid Fakhry (2001). Averroes: His Life, Works and Influence p. 135 Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1-85168-269-4.
^ "Avicenna", Lenn Evan Goodman, 2006, p. 209
^ Corbin, History of Islamic Philosophy (1993), p.174
^ Irwin، Jones (Autumn 2002), "Averroes' Reason: A Medieval Tale of Christianity and Islam", The Philosopher, LXXXX (2)
^ Ormsby، Eric, "Averroes (Ibn Rushd): His Life, Works and Influence", H-Net Review. See also: "The Influence of Islamic Thought on Maimonides". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2008-08-28.
^ Margaret Smith, Al-Ghazali: The Mystic (London 1944)
^ Lebedel, p.113
King, Donald and Sylvester, David eds. The Eastern Carpet in the Western World, From the 15th to the 17th century, Arts Council of Great Britain, London, 1983, ISBN 0-7287-0362-9
Attar، Samar (2007), The vital roots of European enlightenment : Ibn Tufayl's influence on modern Western thought, Lanham: Lexington Books, ISBN 0-7391-1989-3
Badr، Gamal Moursi (Spring 1978), "Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems", The American Journal of Comparative Law (The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 26, No. 2) 26 (2 [Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, February 24–25, 1977]): 187–198, doi:10.2307/839667, JSTOR 839667
Cardini, Franco. Europe and Islam. Blackwell Publishing, 2001. ISBN 978-0-631-22637-6
Farmer، Henry George (1988), Historical facts for the Arabian Musical Influence, Ayer Publishing, ISBN 0-405-08496-X, OCLC 220811631
Frieder, Braden K. Chivalry & the perfect prince: tournaments, art, and armor at the Spanish Habsburg court Truman State University, 2008 ISBN 1-931112-69-X, ISBN 978-1-931112-69-7
Grierson, Philip Medieval European Coinage Cambridge University Press, 2007 ISBN 0-521-03177-X, ISBN 978-0-521-03177-6
Hobson، John M. (2004), The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, ISBN 0-521-54724-5
Lebedel، Claude (2006), Les Croisades, origines et conséquences, Editions Ouest-France, ISBN 2-7373-4136-1, OCLC 181885553
Lewis، Bernard (1993), Les Arabes dans l'histoire, Flammarion, ISBN 2-08-081362-5, OCLC 36229500
Mack, Rosamond E. Bazaar to Piazza: Islamic Trade and Italian Art, 1300–1600, University of California Press, 2001 ISBN 0-520-22131-1, google books
Makdisi، John A. (June 1999), "The Islamic Origins of the Common Law", North Carolina Law Review 77 (5): 1635–1739
Matthew, Donald, The Norman kingdom of Sicily Cambridge University Press, 1992 ISBN 978-0-521-26911-7
Roux، Jean-Paul (1985), Les explorateurs au Moyen-Age, Hachette, ISBN 2-01-279339-8
Watt، W. Montgomery (2004), The influence of Islam on medieval Europe, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-7486-0517-7
