Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
(Lupus)
Definition
Systemic lupus erythematosus (or lupus) is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of joints, tendons, skin, and other connective tissues and organs. It causes the immune system to produce antibodies that attack the body's healthy cells and tissues.
Causes
The cause of lupus is unknown. Researchers believe it is caused by a combination of:
- Genetic factors
- Environmental factors, which may include:
- Viral or other type of infection
- Drug-induced (methyldopa, procainamide, hydralazine, isoniazid, chlorpromazine, TNF blocking drugs)
Risk Factors
A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition.
Risk factors for lupus include:
- ---: female to male ratio: 10:1
- Age: childbearing age (20-45 years)
- Race: African American, Native American, Asian, and Hispanic
Symptoms
The symptoms of lupus vary from mild to extremely severe and debilitating. In some patients, only part of the body (for example, the skin) is affected. In others, many parts of the body are affected. Though symptoms of lupus can be chronic, they usually flare up and subside intermittently.
Common symptoms include:
Other symptoms of lupus may include:
Hair loss
Chest pain, coughing up blood, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing
Kidney inflammation
Anemia or other blood disorders
Sensitivity to sunlight
Ulcers in nose or mouth
Swollen glands
Headaches
Dizziness
Seizures
Inflammation of the heart, heart vessels, or membrane surrounding the heart
Blood clots
Diagnosis
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical/family history, and perform a physical exam. The diagnosis of lupus is usually made on the basis of symptoms, especially if they appear in young women. No single test can determine if you have lupus. But a number of blood tests for specific antibodies can help confirm a diagnosis of lupus.
Treatment
Treatment of lupus depends on your specific symptoms.
Medication
Medications for mild symptoms of lupus include:
- Aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to relieve joint pain
- Acetaminophen (Tylenol) to relieve joint pain
- Hydroxychloroqiuine or choloroquine to relieve joint pain, fatigue, balding, and skin rashes (Note: regular eye exams are advised while on these medications)
- Topical corticosteroids for skin rashes
Medications for severe symptoms of lupus include:
Oral and intravenously administered corticosteroids to control and limit inflammation in kidney, brain, lung, heart as well as in severe anemia
Immunosuppressive drugs to suppress the body's autoimmune system
Mycophenolate and cyclophosphamide for kidney disease or other life- or organ-threatening manifestations
Rituximab for refractory disease
Transplantation and Dialysis
If you have end stage kidney failure, transplantation and
dialysis are options to consider.
There are no guidelines for preventing lupus because the cause is unknown.
To prevent flare-ups of symptoms:
- Develop a long-term relationship with your doctor and schedule regular check-ups.
- Treat any and all infections quickly and vigorously.
- Avoid sun exposure and wear sunscreen and protective clothing when outdoors.
- Eat a healthful diet, one that is low in saturated fat and rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.
- Limit emotional stress.
- Get adequate rest.
- Exercise moderately (as much as your condition allows), with your doctor's permission.
- Contact your doctor if you think a flare-up is imminent.
- Avoid oral contraceptives especially if you have kidney involvement.
